气候政策与投资保护的平衡：国际投资协定中的环境例外条款与欧盟碳边境调节机制

王瀚斌

Abstract

随着全球气候危机的加剧，各国正在推进诸如碳定价、碳排放交易及碳边境调节机制（CBAM）等气候政策。然而，这些政策常与《国际投资协定》（IIAs）中的投资者保护义务发生结构性冲突。本文系统评估了环境例外条款、监管权保留条款及国际习惯法上的必要性原则在保护国家气候措施方面的有效性。研究指出，传统IIAs普遍缺乏明确的气候豁免，仲裁庭对环境例外及必要性抗辩多采取严格解释，使得国家在实施去碳化法规时面临显著法律风险。以欧盟CBAM为案例，本文展示了碳关税类措施可能如何触发国民待遇、公平公正待遇（FET）与间接征收等投资者主张，进而暴露出投资法体系在应对跨境气候政策时的制度张力。本研究提出应通过修订条约文本、增设专门气候豁免条款、重新界定投资者合理期待及强化国家监管权，重构投资法与气候行动之间的平衡，使国际投资体制与《巴黎协定》等全球气候治理框架相兼容。

Keywords

国际投资协定环境例外气候变化碳边境调节机制

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